Walker-Barnes, C.J., and Mason, C.A. (2001). Perceptions of risk factors for female gang involvement among African American and Hispanic women. Youth and Society, 32, 303-336.

This study examines ethnic minority females' perceptions of risk factors for female gang involvement.  Thirty-one female students at an alternative school in a high-crime, urban environment were interviewed regarding their beliefs about why adolescents join gangs.  Peer pressure was believed to be the largest influence on female gang involvement.  In addition, it was thought that girls might turn to gangs for protection from neighborhood crime, abusive families, and other gangs.  Family characteristics linked to gang involvement included lack of parental warmth and family conflict.  Furthermore, gangs, through their participation in illegal activities, were viewed as providing access to excitement and moneymaking opportunities not available through more legitimate societal institutions.  Finally, adolescents may view gang membership as a way of obtaining respect.  Implications for intervention programs and future research are discussed.